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The common effect of high nitrogen fertilizer use on the environment is leaching into water systems. When excessive nitrogen fertilizers are applied to crops, they can exceed the plants' uptake capacity. The surplus nitrogen does not simply remain in the soil but can be washed away during rainfall events or irrigation. This process, known as leaching, transports nitrogen compounds into nearby water bodies, potentially leading to water quality issues such as eutrophication. Eutrophication occurs when excessive nutrients in water stimulate algal blooms, which can deplete oxygen levels and harm aquatic life.

High nitrogen levels can also contribute to groundwater pollution, posing risks to drinking water supplies. Understanding this process highlights the importance of responsible fertilizer management to minimize environmental impact while ensuring crop productivity.